Cite Sources: AMA 11 Citation Style

Reference List Basics

• A reference list should be included at the end of a paper and have the heading “REFERENCES”. Do not start the reference list on a new page. 
• References are listed in the order they appear in the paper, not alphabetical order.
• References do not require hanging indents and they are single-spaced.
• Capitalize each word in a book title. 
• Journal article titles have only the first word capitalized, subsequent words are not capitalized unless proper nouns.
• Journal titles must be abbreviated using the approved abbreviation by the National Library of Medicine. Look up the journal title in the NLM catalog to find the approved abbreviation.

Books

Basic format
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Book Title. Edition number (if there is one). Publisher’s name; copyright year. 

Examples

Print books

Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, et al. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications. 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2012. 

eBooks
Bennett JP. Physical Therapy: Theory, Practices and Benefits. Nova Science Publishers, Inc; 2010. Accessed October 10, 2024. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=15c778ec-867b-30a4-8eaa-c28caf5777cc

Book with more than 6 authors - list up to 6 authors; if there are more than 6 list the first three followed by et al.

DeLisa JA, Gans BM, Walsh NE, et al. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation: Principles and Practices. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

Single chapter in an edited book

Relling MV, Giacomini KM. Pharmacogenomics. In: Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed.  McGraw-Hill; 2011: 145-168.

Note: Never use roman numerals for the volume number, even if the book’s publisher used them. For example, always type Vol. 2 (not Vol. II). Place the volume number between the title and the edition.

Articles

Basic format
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Article title. Abbreviated Journal Name. Year;vol(issue):inclusive pages. DOI, if provided

AMA style has specific abbreviations for journal titles. Look up the accepted abbreviation for the journal title in the National Library of Medicine catalog.
If the article has a DOI, use the DOI as part of the citation.  If the article does not have a DOI listed, note the date you accessed the article and include the URL as in the examples. 
 

Examples

Journal article with a DOI

Towfighi A, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Utility of Framingham coronary disease risk score for predicting cardiac risk after stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(11):2942-2947. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.668319

Journal article without a DOI

Ng L, Karunasinghe N, Benjamin CS, Ferguson LR. Beyond PSA: are new prostate cancer biomarkers of potential value to New Zealand doctors? N Z Med J. 2012;125(1353). Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/beyond-psa-are-new-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-of-potential-value-to-new-zealand-doctors/

AMA style has specific abbreviations for journal titles. Look up the journal title in the National Library of Medicine catalog.

Lecture/Class Notes and Handouts

Lecture notes are considered unpublished materials, if it is original.  If it was borrowed from other published materials, cite the original source. 

Examples

Lecture Notes

Beyer C. Literature searching strategies for allied health professions students. Lecture presented at: PTA180 Research in Education; September 25, 2015; North Chicago, IL. 

Class Handouts

American Physical Therapy Association. Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant. 2020. Accessed November 19, 2024. https://www.apta.org/siteassets/pdfs/policies/standardsofethicalconductptahods06-20-31-26-.pdf

Newspaper Article

Pollack A. Drug saves fertility for women with cancer. The New York Times. May 31, 2014:B1, B6.

Unpublished Materials:  Items Presented at a Meeting but Not Yet Published (oral or poster presentation examples)

Durbin D, Kallan M, Elliott M, Arbogast K, Cornejo R, Winston F. Risk of injury to restrained children from passenger air bags.  Paper presented at: 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement for Automotive Medicine; September 2002; Tempe, AZ.

Videos

Videos with an author

Gendler, T.  Philosophy and the Science of Human Nature. Published April 5, 2012. Accessed July 31, 2018.YouTube. https://youtu.be/mUHYlyacMmA.

Videos without an author

What Patients Need to know before Going to a Baseball Game! Published March 26, 2018. Accessed July 31, 2018. https://youtu.be/pBK-b__zJpU.

Note:  For videos, including YouTube videos, provide the author only if you are sure that person created the video. Do not list the person posting the video online as the author.  If you are unsure, treat the citation as having no author.

Websites

Basic format
Author AA (or the name of the group responsible for the site). Title of the specific page cited (or, if no title is available, the name of the organization responsible for the site). Name of the website. Month Day, Year. Updated Month Day, Year (if applicable). Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Examples

Website with a group author
American Physical Therapy Association. Physical Therapy Guide to Balance Problems. ChoosePT. 2024. Accessed October 10, 2024. https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-balance-problems

Website without an author
Recommendations for primary care practice. US Preventive Services Task Force. Accessed March 9, 2019. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/recommendations
 

In-text citations indicate to your reader that the origin of the idea belongs to one of the sources you consulted. Your reader can use this information to look up the source in your list of references.
AMA uses citation-sequence. This means that the citations are numbered according to their appearance in your paper. They can be referred to in-text repeatedly by the same number. Number the references with superscript numbers which are placed within the sentence or after the punctuation at the end of a sentence. They refer to the corresponding citation in the references list. This means that your references list will be numbered rather than alphabetized. 

How to insert superscript numbers

Instructions for Microsoft Word

1. Type the number of the corresponding citation
2. Highlight the number
3. In the tool ribbon, under Fonts, click superscript

Instructions for Google Docs

1. Type the number of the corresponding citation 
2. Highlight the number
3. In the toolbar, select Format, Text, Superscript